Safe Storage of Lithium-Ion Batteries

Understanding how lithium-ion batteries function is key to recognizing the risks they pose. Although compact and highly efficient, these batteries rely on carefully balanced chemical and electrical processes. When those conditions are disturbed—even slightly—the consequences can be severe. A closer look at their construction helps explain why failures like overheating, internal short-circuits, or deep discharge can lead to fires, explosions, or chemical leaks.

Each lithium-ion cell is made up of:

• An anode and a cathode (electrodes)

• An ion-conducting electrolyte

• A separator to prevent short-circuiting

Lithium ions move from the anode to the cathode during discharge, generating electrical energy. If that flow is disrupted—by overcharging, physical damage, or overheating—it can trigger a chain of hazardous chemical reactions.

Lithium-ion batteries may be compact and efficient, but they pose serious safety risks, particularly when damaged, improperly charged, or stored under the wrong conditions. Lithium batteries can react unpredictably and with little warning, unlike many other energy sources. Fires, toxic gas emissions, and chemical reactions are all possible outcomes of battery failure, potentially putting people, facilities, and the environment at risk.

Below, we outline some of the most common and dangerous failure modes to help illustrate why proper handling and storage are critical.

When a lithium-ion battery catches fire, it generates oxygen, making the flames especially difficult to control. Conventional extinguishing agents are ineffective—only specific suppression powders or granules are suitable for Class D fires involving combustible metals.

To help prevent escalation, it’s recommended to keep an adequate supply of these suppression agents on hand. When applied, the granules displace oxygen from the fire load, cutting off the fuel source. Like glass, these granules melt at a specific temperature, absorbing heat and helping cool the fire. As they melt, they form a seal over the burning material, reducing oxygen contact and limiting further reaction.

Fire is not the only hazard. A battery failure can also release dangerous substances like hydrochloric or hydrofluoric acid. These toxic vapours may be invisible but can harm workers through skin contact or inhalation, adding another risk to unprotected battery storage.

Many companies encounter challenges when storing lithium-ion batteries due to the absence of unified legislation. In most cases, safety measures must be customized to the specific application to mitigate risk effectively. The potential hazard increases with the amount of energy stored in each battery and the overall quantity on-site.

To help reduce the risk, follow these best practices when storing or transporting lithium-ion batteries:

• Follow the manufacturer’s guidelines, including any technical data sheets.

• Protect battery terminals to prevent short-circuits.

• Shield batteries from mechanical damage such as drops or crushing.

• Avoid prolonged exposure to high temperatures or direct sunlight.

• If there is no automatic fire suppression system, maintain a structural or spatial separation of at least 2.5 metres from combustible materials.

• Immediately remove damaged batteries from storage or production areas and place them in a fire-rated enclosure or isolated location until safe disposal can be arranged.

What are the risks associated with storing lithium-ion batteries?

Improper storage can result in fires, explosions, the release of toxic gases, and significant damage to infrastructure. These risks stem from overheating, physical impact, or internal battery malfunctions.

What is thermal runaway in lithium-ion batteries?

Thermal runaway is a rapid, uncontrollable rise in temperature inside a battery that can cause ignition or even explosion. It’s typically triggered by overheating, overcharging, or physical damage.

Can lithium-ion batteries catch fire without external heat or flame?

Yes. Batteries can spontaneously ignite due to internal faults, particularly if overcharged, punctured, or exposed to prolonged heat.

What’s the safest way to store lithium-ion batteries?

Keep batteries in a cool, dry environment, away from flammable materials. Certified, fire-rated storage cabinets—like those offered by DENIOS—provide added protection. Always follow manufacturer guidelines.

Do damaged lithium-ion batteries release hazardous gases?

They can. When compromised, lithium-ion batteries may emit harmful vapours such as hydrofluoric or hydrochloric acid, which are dangerous if inhaled or if they come into contact with skin.

How should damaged lithium-ion batteries be stored?

Store damaged batteries in a certified fire-rated cabinet or an isolation container, well away from active operations and flammable materials, until they can be safely disposed of.

Are there Canadian regulations for storing lithium-ion batteries?

While there is no single national regulation, guidelines from authorities like CSA, provincial fire codes, and insurance providers outline best practices for lithium battery safety and storage. Compliance with these standards is highly recommended.

What is a Lithium-Ion Battery Cabinet from DENIOS?

It’s a specialized fire-rated cabinet designed for safely storing and charging lithium-ion batteries. These units provide up to 90 minutes of fire resistance, protecting people, equipment, and property.. Explore our selection guide to learn more!

Why trust DENIOS for your lithium battery storage needs?

DENIOS brings over 30 years of global expertise in hazardous material storage. Our solutions are engineered for safety, compliance, and peace of mind across diverse industries.

How long can lithium-ion batteries be stored safely?

When kept in optimal conditions—cool, dry, partially charged, and undamaged—batteries can be stored for several months. Avoiding deep discharge is key to maintaining battery integrity.